Glossary of Filtration Technologies: D

Dairy Management Inc. (DMI)

Dairy Management Inc.™ (DMI) works to increase demand for and drives sales of U.S. dairy products and ingredients on behalf of America's dairy producers. Founded in 1995 as a not-for-profit organization funded by dairy checkoff dollars, DMI leads and manages the American Dairy Association,® the National Dairy Council® and the U.S. Dairy Export Council®. Dairy, food and beverage manufacturers look to DMI as a partner and resource. DMI assists dairy processors in creating and introducing new and/or improved dairy products, processes and packaging and meeting their innovation challenges. With food and beverage manufacturers, DMI provides know-how and laboratory and professional resources to help develop or improve foods using dairy ingredients. Across the entire food and beverage industry, DMI innovation programs provide nutrition research and market trend information to help with product positioning in the marketplace.

Dalton

The unified atomic mass unit is a small unit of mass used to express atomic masses and molecular masses. It is defined to be 1/12 of the mass of one atom of carbon-12.

Delta P (DP)

The hydraulic loss over the vessel as filtration occurs. High DP can cause damage to the membrane. (approx 1 bar/element yields proper flow to clean elements)

Dead End Filtration

Filtration process requiring the product to pass through the filter. Flow restriction increases as fouling increases, eventually terminating all flow.

Decantation

Decantation is a process for the separation of mixtures, carefully pouring a solution from a container, leaving the precipitate (sediments) in the bottom of the container. Usually a small amount of solution must be left in the container, and care must be taken to prevent a small amount of precipitate from flowing with the solution out of the container. It is generally used to separate a liquid from an insoluble solid.

Depth filter

A depth filter is a filter medium which consists of randomly distributed particles or fibers resulting in openings with a non-uniform and a highly complex path.

Desorption

Desorption is the opposite of absorption or adsorption. In filtration, it relates to the downstream release of particles previously retained by the filter.

Diafiltration

A modification of Ultra filtration in which water is added to the feed as filtration proceeds, in order to wash out feed components which will pass through the membranes. (Basically lactose and minerals.)

Diffusion

The spontaneous spreading of matter (particles), heat, or momentum, is one type of transport phenomena. Diffusion is the movement of particles from higher concentration to lower concentration.

Dip Tank Degreasing

Dip Tank Degreasing is the process in which grease, dirt and oil are removed from the metal parts by immersing them in a degreasing solution.

Direct Flow

Method of filtration which the product is fed directly through the filtration media.

Distillation

A heat-dependent process for separation and purification of a liquid mixture based on differences in vapor pressure of components of the mixture. The process involves vaporization of the more volatile component(s) and then condensation of the vapor back to a liquid. Distillation has also been defined as the process of separating the components of a mixture by differences in boiling point; a vapor is formed from the liquid by heating the liquid in a vessel and successively collecting and condensing the vapors into liquids.

Distillers Grain

Distillers Grain is an important co-product of drymill ethanol production. The drymill ethanol production process uses only the starch portion of the corn, which is about 70% of the kernel. All the remaining nutrients - protein, fat, minerals, and vitamins - are concentrated into distillers grain, a valuable feed for livestock. A bushel of corn weighs 56 pounds and will produce at least 2.8 gallons of ethanol and 17 pounds of distillers grain.

Distillers grain can be fed to livestock wet or dry. Dried distillers grain (DDG) is the most common variety. Drying the distillers grain increases its shelf life and improves its ability to be transported over longer distances. If a consistent nearby market can be secured, ethanol producers can supply the feed as wet distillers grain (WDG). The wet form is not as easily transportable, but the cost of drying the product is removed. GEA Filtration's sister-company, GEA Barr-Rosin, is a leading supplier of dryers for drying wet distillers grain (WDG) to dried distillers grain (DDG).

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

DNA is the primary genetic material; complex substance of which genes are made within chromosomes. Each DNA molecule consists of two connected spiral strands in the shape of a double helix. DNA is the biological information tape that stores genetic information in organisms and transmits it from generation to generation.

Dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS)

Dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) is the form available to the feed industry. The liquid that is separated from the mash during the distilling process is partially dehydrated into a syrup, then added back onto the dried distillers grain to create DDGS. DDGS is a high quality feedstuff ration for dairy cattle, beef cattle, swine, poultry, and aquaculture. The feed is an economical partial replacement for corn, soybean meal, and dicalcium phosphate in livestock and poultry feeds. Historically, over 85% of DDGS has been fed to dairy and beef cattle, and DDGS continues to be an excellent, economical feed ingredient for use in ruminant diets. The average nutritional profile of DDGS as an animal feed is very good as starch is removed for conversion to ethanol, fat, minerals, vitamins and fiber are present in the spent grains at a higher proportion. Ethanol production results in a higher concentration of nutrients present from the corn, as well as synthesis of other nutrients. The yeast used to ferment the starch contributes positively when added back to the grains in the form of solubles. This concentration of protein, fiber, fat and minerals enhances the nutrient viability and value of DDGS as a specialty ingredient in the ration because of lower inclusion rates in the diet. By feeding a lower inclusion rate feedstuff, more space is left in the ration to meet the animal's nutritional requirements without exceeding recommended daily total dry matter intake. GEA Filtration's sister-company, GEA Barr-Rosin, is a leading supplier of industrial dryers for drying DDGS, germ and other high protein value added products.

Drug Development

Drug Development is the process of drug research and development (R&D) and it is conducted in a laboratory. It begins with an idea and a search for candidates. These are chemical or biologic molecules that are potential drugs. After a series of tests and data analysis a lead candidate is selected and a patent application filed. Preclinical trails test the compound for toxicity and effectiveness on cells and animals. Prior to beginning clinical trails in humans, an IND (Investigational New Drug) application is filed with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). With approval and specific guidelines, clinical trials begin. Once through clinical trials I, II, and III, an NDA (New Drug Application) or BLA (Biologic License Application) is submitted. After favorable review of the data by the FDA, the drug is granted approval. Production of the drug takes place in a manufacturing facility according to FDA guidelines. The product is patent protected for 20 years from the date that the patent was filed.

Dry sterilization

Sterilization by chemicals in vapor state or by radiation

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